No.3 Skin Softening Serum
Tracked ingredients
Key actives from our research database. Click any to read the full evidence dossier.
Evidence behind the ingredients
Real citations from our research database — one per tracked active in this product. Click any ingredient name to read its full evidence dossier.
A yeast-based ingredient that brightens skin tone and refines the look of pores. Made famous by SK-II essences.
Nakamizo S, Yan X, Kabashima K, Enhancement of skin barrier function and augmentation of epidermal cell-cell interactions by galactomyces ferment filtrate, Journal of Dermatological Science 2024;115(2):94-97 — GFF strengthens skin barrier and enhances epidermal cell-cell interactions; mechanistic support for SK-II Pitera barrier claims
Miyamoto K et al., Significant Reversal of Facial Wrinkle, Pigmented Spot and Roughness by Daily Application of Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate-Containing Skin Products for 12 Months—An 11-Year Longitudinal Skin Aging Rejuvenation Study, Journal of Clinical Medicine 2023;12(3):1168 — 86 female volunteers; 12-month daily application reversed wrinkle, spot, and roughness markers that had deteriorated over the prior 11-year interval
Yan X et al., Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Potentiates an Anti-Inflammaging System in Keratinocytes, Journal of Clinical Medicine 2022;11(21):6338 — GFF activates AHR/NRF2 antioxidant signaling, attenuating inflammaging
A multitasker that calms redness, evens out skin tone, and helps oily skin balance out. One of the safest do-a-little-of-everything ingredients.
Korean authors et al., Anti-acne and Tolerance Assessment of a Cleanser Containing Salicylic Acid, Gluconolactone and Niacinamide, Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology 2024;22(3):383-391 — 4-week clinical trial (n=43 oily acne-prone): significant reduction in inflammatory + non-inflammatory acne lesions and sebum content; 2-week safety (n=39 sensitive skin) confirmed tolerance
Korean authors et al., A split-face study to evaluate the efficacy of a dissolving microneedle-encapsulated niacinamide skin patch for the reduction of facial hyperpigmentation, Archives of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2022;28(4):113-118 — 17-patient 2-week split-face RCT: DMN niacinamide patch significantly reduced epidermal pigmentation score and melanin score vs untreated control side
Liu H et al., Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020;5:CD011368 — conclusion: clinical benefit is unclear
Sources: PubMed · KCI · J-Stage · CNKI · Wanfang · SFD · MFDS · Cochrane · SCCS · CIR. Every entry points to a specific document. See methodology for what each outcome label means.
Layering conflicts
Ingredients in this product that can react with common actives. Avoid stacking unless noted.
- Vitamin Clow
Sensitive skin may flush.
Similar comparisons
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